高中英语基础知识总结11篇
我要投稿投诉建议高中英语基础知识总结11篇
1. opccupation n.居住、占用;职业
occupational adj与职业有关的
occupier n.居住者,房客,占领者
occupy vt.占,占用,占领,占据
2.Reporter n.记者,新闻通讯员
journalist n.新闻记者,从事新闻杂志业的人
3.Profession n.职业,专业,
professional adj.专业的、职业的/ n.专业人员
习惯用语:allied health professional保健辅助人员
4.Photograph n.照片/ vt.给......照相
Photographer n.摄影师
5. Eager adj.渴望的;热切的
eagerness n.热心
6. concentrate v.集中;聚集
concentration n.集中;集合
concentration camp n.集中营
concentrate on集中;全神贯注于
例句:
(1)How can you concentrate on your work with so much noise going on?
你怎能在这样吵的环境下集中精神工作呢?
(2)I tried to concentrate my thoughts on the probkem.
我努力让自己的思绪集中在这个问题上面。
Attentively注意地,留意地
pay attention to注意
7.Course n.过程,经过,进程,方针,路线,跑道,课程,一道菜
a course in/on sth课程
a course of sth疗程
8.Acquire vt.获得;取得;学到
acquisition n.获得;获得物
9.Meanwhile n.其间,其时=meantime10. accuse vt.控告,谴责,
accuse ... of ...因某事指责或控告某人
例句:
(1)I accused her of cheating.我指责她作弊。
(2)He was accused of murder and sent for trial.他被控告谋杀并已送交审判。
Accusation n.指责;控告;谴责
11. deliberately adv.故意地
on purpose
12. so as to(do sth)为了做某事/以便作某事
in order to do sth
例句:We went early so as to get good seats.我们提早去了,以便占到好位置。
13. bribe vt.向...行贿/n.贿赂
bribery n.行贿,受贿,贿赂
14. guilty adj.犯罪的,有罪的,心虚的
guilt n.罪行,内疚
15.imaginative adj.想象的,虚构的
image n.图象,肖像,偶像,形象化的比喻,极为相象,映像,典型
imagine vt.想象,设想
16. technical adj.技术的,技术上的,技巧方面的
technic n.技术,手法
technica n.技术性细节,技术,技巧,技能
technically adv.技术上,学术上,工艺上
17. defend vt.防护,辩护,防卫,
defence n.防卫,防卫设备
defend against防卫...以免于
18. crime n.犯罪,犯罪行为,罪行,罪恶
criminal n.罪犯,犯罪者/adj.犯罪的`,犯法的,罪恶的
criminally adv.刑法上,犯了罪地
19. edition n.版本,版
edit vt.编辑,校订,剪辑/n.编辑工作
editor n.编辑,编辑器,编者
20.employ vt.雇用,用,使用
employer n.雇主,老板
employee n.职工,雇员,店员
employment n.雇用,使用,利用,工作,职业
21. polish vt.擦亮,发亮,磨光,推敲
Polish adj.波兰(Poland)的
22.chief n.首领,领袖,酋长,长官,/adj.主要的,首要的,首席的,主任的
Chief Executive Officer执行总裁,首席执行官
23. intention n.意图,目的
intent n.意图,目的,意向/adj.专心的,决心的,热心的
intentional adj.有意图的,故意的
(1)—How about coming to my house?
—I d love to if it doesn t give you so much trouble.
在hope, like, love, promise, want, wish等词后作宾语的不定式常省略。再如:
You may go if you want to.
She can get a job if she hopes to.
—How about going hunting with me tomorrow?
—I d like to, but I have no time.
(2)Don t close the window until I ask you to.
在allow, ask, tell等词后作宾语补足语的不定式常省略。再如:
Don t touch the light unless your mother allows you to.
Don t plant potatoes until the peasant tells you to.
(3)He didn t want to hand in his composition, but he had to.
在be able to, be going to, have to, need to, enough to, used to等后的不定式需省略。再如:
I don t sing much, now, but I used to a lot.
If you don t want to say anything at the meeting, you don t need to.
She didn t go out last night, because she was afraid to.
在afraid, glad, happy, pleased, sorry等词后作状语的不定式常省略。再如:—Will you go with me to see the film tonight?
—I ll be glad to
句子成分的省略
为了避免重复,或者为了使某一内容引人注目,可以省略某些句子成分而保持句子原意不变。
1、省略主语
Beg your pardon.请你原谅。(= I beg your pardon.))
Serves you right.你活该(= It serves you right.)
2、省略谓语
Anything the matter?要紧吗?(= Is anything the matter?)
The river was deep and the ice thin.河很深,冰很薄。
(= The river was deep and the ice was thin.)
3、省略表语
Are you ready? Yes,I am.(am后面省略了表语ready)
4、省略宾语
We have to analyze and solve problems. (analyze后省略了宾语problems)
Let's do the dishes. I'll wash and you'll dry.(wash和dry后面省略了宾语dishes)
5、省略定语
He spent part of the money, and the rest he saved.(the rest后面省略了定语of the money)
6、省略状语
(Even)The wisest man cannot know everything.
省略在句子中的应用
在一个句子中,省略可分为依赖上下文省略和不依赖上下文省略两种。前者省略的部分可在句子中找到,但后者可能找不到。
Worriedaboutthejourney,Iwasunsettledforthefirstfewdays.
Well-knownfortheirexpertise,hisparents company…..
Confusedbythenewsurroundings,Iwashitbythelackoffreshair.
Exhausted,Islidintothebedandfellfastasleep.
过去分词作状语:过去分词作状语时,说明动作发生的背景或情况,其等同于一个状语从句。vt过去分词作状语时与主句主语构成被动关系,表示被动和完成,vi过去分词表示状态或动作的完成。
Heated,waterchangesintosteam.
Theprofessorcamein,followedbyagroupofyoungpeople.
1、作原因状语,等于as/since/because引导从句
Movedbywhatshesaid,wecouldn thelpcrying.=(Aswearemovedbywhatshesaid…
2、作时间状语,等于when引导时间从句,如果分词表示的动作与谓语的动作同时发生,可在分词前加when/while/until等使时间意义更明确。
Whenheated,watercanbechangedintosteam.
Seenfromthehill,theparklooksverybeautiful.=(Whentheparkisseenfromthehill…
3、作条件状语等于if/whether引导从句
Givenmoreattention,thecabbagescouldhavegrownbetter.=(Iftheyhavebeengivenmoreattention….
Comparedwithyou,westillhavealongwaytogo=(Ifwearecomparedwithyou…
4、作方式或伴随状语
Theactresscamein,followedbyherfans.
Shesatbythewindow,lostinthought.
5、作让步状语
Muchtired,hestillkeptonworking.=(Althoughhewastired,)he….
6、独立主格结构:当分词的逻辑主语不是主句主语时,分词可以有自己独立的逻辑主语,这种结构称为独立主格结构。常用来表示伴随情况。
Theboyrushedintotheclassroom,hisfacecoveredwithsweat.
Allthingsconsidered,yourarticleisofgreatvaluethanhers.
Rewritewithproperconjunctions
Example:Unitedwestand,dividedwefall.
Ifweareunited,wewillstand,butifwearedivided,wewillfall.
1、Askedwhathadhappened,hetoldusaboutit.
→Whenhewasaskedwhathadhappened,…
2、Wellknownforhisexpertadvice,hereceivedmanyinvitationstogivelectures.
→Becausehewaswellknownforhisexpertadvice,…
3、Givenmoretime,wewouldbeabletodotheworkmuchbetter.
Ifweweregivenmoretime,
4、OncetranslatedintoChinese,thebookbecameverypopularamongChineseteenagers.
OnceitwastranslatedintoChinese,
5、Deeplyinterestedinmedicine,shedecidedtobecomeadoctor.
Becauseshewasdeeplyinterestedinmedicine,
6、Leftaloneathome,Samdidnotfeelafraidatall.
Althoughhewasleftaloneathome,
1、English is a widely used language.
2、He threw away the broken cup.
3、This is one of the schools built in 1980s.
4、Prices of daily goods bought through a computer can be lower than store prices.
单个过去分词作定语,常放在被修饰词的前面;
过去分词短语作定语,常放在被修饰词的后面。
spoken English= English which is spoken
terrified people= the people who are terrified
an organized way= a way that is organized
affected area灾区= the area which is affected
stolen culture relics= culture relics that had been stolen
the book recommended by the teacher= the book which was recommended by the teacher
printed articles= articles that are printed
关系代词
两种可用来引导从句并将从句和主句连接起来的代词
这样的代词一方面在从句中用作句子成分,可作主语、宾语、定语等;另一方面又起连词的作用。这样的代词有关系代词和疑问代词两种。
关系代词概说
关系代词有who,whose,whom,that,which等,用来引导定语从句。它们在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语或表语;另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词(这样的名词和代词叫做先行词)。如:
The man who is talking with Mr. Brown is an eye Specialist和布朗先生谈话的那个人是个眼科大夫。(关系代词who在从句中用作土语,它的先行词是man)
He is the comrade whom you have been looking for他就是你要找的那位同志。(关系代词whom在从句中作宾语,它的先行词是comrade,whom在口语中一般可省去)
The old man whose son is in the navy used to be carpenter.儿子在海军的那位老人过去是个木匠。
(关系代词whose在从句中用作定语,先行词为man)
The film which I saw last night is about a young teacher.我昨晚看的那部电影说的是一个年轻教师的事。(关系代词which在从句中用作宾语,先行词为film, which在口语中可省略)
This is the plane that will fly to Tokyo in the afternoon.这是下午要飞往东京的飞机。(关系代词that在从句中用作主语,先行词为plane)
1.prefer
prefer doing to talking 喜欢做而不喜欢说
Which of these two dresses do you prefer? 这两套衣服你喜欢哪一套?
I prerer to go to America for my fruther study. 我更愿意选择去美国进修学习。
Anne prefers me to replace her at the meeting. 安妮更愿意我代替她去参加会议。
2. advantages and disadvantages 优劣
3. How do they make use of it in their daily life? 在日常生活中他们是如何利用它的
4.flow through 流过,流经
5.Ever since middle school, my sister Wang Wei and I have dreamed about taking a great bike trip. 从高中起,我姐姐王维和我就一直梦想做一次伟大的自行车旅行。
连词since 引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时,介词since 与表示过去某一点时间的词语连用,副词since 后不用从句或词语。
It is/has been+一段时间+since+一般过去时(从句中的动作不能延续)自从……至今已经多久了。
since then 自从那时至今 ever since 从那以后一直
6.persuade sb to do sth
= persuade sb into doing sth 说服某人做某事
He persuaded her to go to school, even though she did not want to.即使她不想去上学,他还是说服她去。
7.After graduating fro college, we finally got the chance to take a bike trip.大学毕业以后,我们终于有了机会骑自行车旅行。
8.It was my sister who first had the idea to cycle along the entire Mekong River from where it begins to where it ends.首先想到沿湄公河从源头到终点骑车旅游的是我的姐姐。
强调句型It is/was…that/who 的用法归纳如下:
强调句型可以强调除谓语动词以外的任何句子成份。一般来说,如果被强调部分是人时,用连词that或who;如果被强调部分是物,只能用连词that。 强调句型应避免使用when, where, which 等连词。
含一般疑问句和特殊疑问句的强调句句型:
① 含一般疑问句的强调句型,其结构为:Is it+被强调部分+that/who+句子的其余部分?
② 特殊疑问句的强调句型结构形式为:特殊疑问词+is/was it that/who+句子的其余部分?
9.schedual for the trip 旅行计划
10.be fond of 喜欢,喜爱
Although she didn t know the best way of getting to places, she insisted that she organize the trip properly.尽管她对去某些地方的路线并不清楚,她坚持要自己把这次旅行安排得尽善尽美。 (注意1:Although conj. “尽管,虽然”,引导让步状语从句。
拓展:
① although 从句多在句首, though 从句可在主句前、中、后任何位置,而且though 可以作副词用于句末,作“但是,不过”讲,而although 无此用法。
② although 用来陈述事实而不用于假设,所以as though(仿佛,好像),even though(即使,尽管)中不能用although。
③ though 引导的让步状语从句可以倒装(将表语、状语、情态动词后的动词原形前置到句首,此用法同as),而 although 不可以。注意2:insist 在这里的意思是“坚持要求”后面的that从句用虚拟语气;如果insist 意为“强调,坚持认为”的时候,从句可以用任何所需要的时态。
例如:She insisted that she didn t tell a lie.她强调她没撒谎。
另外,还可以用insist on doing sth/ sth. 一定要、坚持主张,
如:She insists on getting up early and playing her radio loudly她老是一大早起来把收音机音量开大。)
11.care about details 考虑细节
The only thing he cares about is money. 他在乎的就是金钱。
care for 喜欢,照料,照顾 I don t really care for red wine. 我其实并不喜欢红葡萄酒。
Who will care for your child if you are out? 如果你外出了,谁来照顾你的孩子?
12.give me a determined look给了我一个坚定的眼神
13.change one s mind 改变主意
14.…she seemed to be excited about it. 似乎显得兴奋
15.an interesting experience一次有趣的经历
16.Once she has made up her mind, nothing can change it. Finally, I had to give in.她一旦下了决心,什么也不能使她改变。最后,我只好让步了。
Once 可作为从属连词,作“一(旦)……就……”解,连接一个表示时间的状语从句。从句中常用一般现在时,现在完成时表将来。
如:Once you have begin you must continue.
Once printed,the book will be very popular。
17.It becomes rapids as it passes through deep valleys, travelling across western Yunnan Province. 它穿过深谷时就变成了急流,流经云南西部。
18.It makes wide bends or meanders through low valleys to the plains where rice grows. 河水蜿蜒缓慢地穿过低谷,流向生长稻谷的平原。
19.He is so stubborn that no one can persuade him to do anything.他太固执,没有一人能劝动他做事。
20.A determined person always tries to finish the job, no matter how hard it is.不论工作多难,一个坚决的人总是努力地去完成它。
21.My grandpa is fond of fishing and sometimes he fishes all day in the river.我爷爷喜欢钓鱼,有时他整天在河边钓鱼。
22.I prefer the red dress to the green one because it fits me better.我喜欢那件红色的衣服不喜欢那件绿色的,因为红色的更合我的身。
23.The concert went like clockwork because Li Pei organized it so well.音乐会顺利地进行,因为李佩组织地相当好。
24.I wanted to pay the train fare, but my friend insisted. Finally I gave in.我想付火车票费用,但我朋友坚持他付。最后我让步了。
25.She persuaded all of us to cycle to work instead of taking the bus.她说服了我们不做公共汽车而是骑车去工作。
26.As neither of them would give in, no decision was taken that day.由于双方都不让步,那天没有形成决议。
27.The task was difficult, but Helen s determined expression let me know that she would not give up.虽然工作很难,但海伦的坚定神情使我知道她不会放弃。
28.How I wish I could make a journey into space and see the stars up close.我多么希望我能够进行太空旅行,近距离地看看星星啊。
29.The very first time that Joe saw the film “ET” directed by Steven Spieberg, he made up his mind to become a director too.第一次看Steven Spieberg执导的电影“ET”时,他就下定决心也要当一名导演。
30.a large parcel of 一大包
31.We are taking out insurance to cover any problems.我们要投保给一切问题保险。
32.Our legs were so heavy and cold that they felt like blocks of ice.我们的腿又冷又沉,感觉就像大冰块。
33.Along the way children dressed in long wool coats stopped to look at us.一路上,一些身着羊毛大衣的孩子们停下来看我们。
34.However, the lakes shone like glass in the setting sun and looked wonderful.然而,湖水在落日的余晖下闪亮如镜,景色迷人。
35.as usual 像往常一样
36.At one point we were so high that we found ourselves cycling through clouds. 在某个时刻,我们发现自己置身高处,仿佛骑车穿越云层。
37.We saw many sheep eating green grass. 我们看到羊群在吃草。
38.make camp宿营
39.put up our tent 搭帐篷
40.stay awake 睡不着,醒着
41.at midnight 在半夜
42.for company 做伴
43.lie beneath the stars 躺在星空下
44.We can hardly wait to see them.我们迫不及待地想要见到他们。
45.Good luck on your journey. 祝你旅途愉快
46.When you go on a journey, why not keep a travel journey?当你出游的时候问什么不记旅行日记呢?
47.see the world through somebody else s eyes 通过别人的'眼睛看世界
48.go in the right direction 走正确的方向
49.The tortoise moves at a very slow pace.乌龟以很慢的速度行进。
If you pace yourself, you will be able to work efficiently.如果你为自己定好了速度,你就会高效地工作。
50.be similar to 类似于
51.afford to do sth 付得起,能承担
52.be tired from因……而疲劳 be tired of 对……厌倦
53.be in high spirits 喜气洋洋,兴高采烈
54.come true 实现,成真
55.Ask them to give you some advice on improving it.要他们就如何改进提一些建议。
56.a guide to… ……的指南
57.on a tour 在游览中,在巡演中
58.in detail 详细地
名词性虚拟语气
在表示命令、建议、要求、惊叹的名词性从句中需用虚拟语气。基本句型为:主语+should+动词原形,例如:
1.Mother insisted that John (should) go to bed atnine o'clock(宾语从句)
2.It was required that the crops (should) be:harvested at once.(主语从句)
3.The suggestion that he (should) be invited wasrejected.(同位语从句)
4.That is their demand that their wages (should) bemcreased.(表语从句)
注意:在这种句子中绝不能出现“would”“must”“could”等。
一、一般过去将来时
1.概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。
2.时间状语:The next day (morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.
3.基本结构:主语
+was/were +going to + do+其它;主语+would/should + do+其它
4.否定形式:主语+was/were+not + going to + do; 主语+would/should + not + do.
5.一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;would/should 提到句首。
6.例句:He said he would go to Beijing the next day.他说他第二天要去北京。
I asked who was going there.我问,谁要去那里。
二、 现在进行时
1.概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
2.时间状语:Now, at this time, days, etc. look. listen
3.基本结构:主语+be +doing +其它
4.否定形式:主语+be +not +doing+其它
5.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。
6.例句:How are you feeling today?你今天感觉如何?
He is doing well in his lessons.在课上他表现得很好。
Happy Christmas?
英语可说happy Christmas 吗?请看这样一道题:
—__________ Christmas!
—Same __________ you.
A. Merry, as B. Merry, on C. Happy, as D. Happy, to
此题应选 D。容易误选A,B。错误思维是:
1. 可以说 Happy new year, 但必须说 Merry Christmas.
2. the same as, the same...as 是固定搭配。
关于第2点,比较好解释,因为(The) Same to you. 是口语惯用语,回答祝愿,其意为“也祝你……”。
而第1点搞错的人就很多了,不少人都想当然地认为不能像Happy New Year, Happy birthday那样用Happy Christmas, 其实这是一种典型的想当然错误,请看有关词书的实例。如:
1. 大家熟悉的《朗文当代英语词典》(1987年版)就多处出现 Happy Christmas 的用例。如:
1)Happy Christmas. (p. 476,happy词条)
2)"Happy Christmas. " "Same to you. " (p. 925 same 词条)
2. 又如章振邦教授主编的两本英语语法著作。如:
1)Happy Christmas. 《新编英语语法教程》(p. 459)
2)A Happy Christmas to all. 《新编英语语法》(上册p. 183)
3. 再如《英语学习》杂志,1992年第7期p. 17的一段对话中,多次将 Happy Christmas 与 Merry Christmas 交替使用。
4. 如果你是一个层次稍高的英语学习者,你可能会读过杨岂深教授主编的《英国文学选读》(Book 3),如果你细心的话,你会发现该书 ANGLO-SAXON ATTITUDES 一文里,也在多次交替使用 Happy Christmas 和 Merry Christmas。
用固定的情态动词表示的虚拟语气
1. should +动词原形(有时省略should)
(1)用在动词如advise, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest, urge等后的宾语从句中。例如:
1)They requested that we (should) send a delegation to their country.
2)She urged that he write and accept the post.
(2)用在it is suggested, it is desired, it is required, it was ordered, it was proposed, it has been decided, it is necessary (essential, imperative, important, desirable) that等引出的主语从句中。例如:
1)It is desired that we (should) get everything ready by tonight.
2)It is necessary that the teacher (should) have a thorough knowledge of the subject he teaches.
(3)用在suggestion, motion, proposal, order, recommendation, plan, idea, requirement等引起的表语从句和同位语从句
例如:He put his coat over the child lest he should catch cold.
none、all的用法
a. All has been done.(作主语,表示“所有事”谓动用单数)
All are present . (作主语,表示“所有人”谓动用复数)
b. None of the girls in our class like/likes football.
注意:在回答what/who问句时,用nothing/nobody;而在回答how many/How much……问句时用none.
Who is in the classroom? Nobody. What is in your hand? Nothing.
How much money do you have? None.
every、each的使用
1)every只能修饰名词,而each既可修饰名词,也可作名词使用。
eg: every day、each classroom、each of the student
2)在单独作主语、同位语、宾语时只用each.
a. Here are enough glasses. Each of you can get one.
b. We each should listen to the teachers carefully.
3)every能表达“每隔”的含义,而each则不能。
every three days每3天、每隔2天every few years每隔几年
every other day /week/line每隔1天/1周/1行
4)every与one连用,可用of修饰(要分开写)。
every one of us我们中的.每一人each of us我们中的每一人
every one of the books这些书中的每1本
each of the books这些书中的每1本
条件状语从句
引导词:if(如果),unless(除非),if only(只要,但愿),only if(只有),in case(万一),suppose/supposing(that)
(假设),provided/providing(that)(只要,假若),on condition that(要是,在。。。条件下),so/as long as(只要),(let's/let us)say(假设)
方式状语从句
引导词:as(像。。。一样,正如。。。),as if/as though(好像,宛如)
注意:1、固定句型A is to B what C is to D.意为“A对B而言正如C对D一样”。
2、as if, as though引导的从句若与事实相反,用虚拟语气;若与事实相符,不用虚拟语气。
让步状语从句
引导词:though/although/as(虽然,尽管),even if/though(即使,尽管),whether/no matter whether...or(not)
(不管。。。是否,不管是。。。还是)wh-ever/no matter wh-(无论。。。)
注意:(1)though,although,as的区别
A、Though,although的主句中可以用yet, still, nevertheless,但不可使用but。
B、though引导的从句可以倒装,也可以不倒装;as引导的从句必须倒装;although引导的从句不能倒装。
其结构为:形容词/分词/副词/动词原形/名词(无冠词)+as/though+主语+谓语……
(2)though可用作副词,放在句末,意为“不过,但是”。Although无此用法。
(3)某些短语也引导让步的从句或短语,意为“尽管”,如:in spite of the fact that, despite the fact that, regardless of(the fact that)